Organizational Strategy of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organizational Strategy of Apple - Essay Example According to the research findings, Apple represents one of the most successful technology companies in the world today since its launch in 1976 as a personal computer manufacturer. The organization which in 1997 was on the brink of bankruptcy has been able to transform and record profits in the following years due to the production of leading computer software and personal computers that are based on high standards of innovation, prestige, and quality. The cusses of Apple depends on the production of highly innovative hardware and software which have over the years established the company as the leader in an industry where every organization strives to gain a share of the market that readily embraces new technology. Due to the customer loyalty that Apple has been able to establish over the years, therefore, driving sales, the company has featured in several occasions as the first among Fortune magazine’s World’s Most Admired Companies with latest financial results for second quarter ended March 29, 2014 indicating $45.6 billion in revenues and $10.2 billion quarterly net profits. The following sections present an analytical business report focused on different levels of organizational behavior and human resource. The multinational focuses on designing, developing, manufacturing and selling computer-based communication electronics, personal computers, and computer software. The market leader in Apple hardware was the Mac personal computers, but the company soon diversified into the world’s first media player device, iPod, a pioneering smartphone, iPhone and leafing tablet computers, the iPad. In addition, Apple introduced software such as operating systems like iOS and OS X, iTunes, the Safari browser in addition to productivity and creativity suites such as iWork and iLife. The history of Apple marks a dynamic transformation from a personal computer manufacturer to a leading manufacturer of consumer electronics, operating software and cons umer software.

Premium Full Service Adult Travel Agency Essay Example for Free

Premium Full Service Adult Travel Agency Essay Welcome to Costa Ricas only Premium Full Service Adult Travel Agency! We specialize in exotic and memorable expeditions like no other. Our mission is to plan and design pleasure tours that would cater to each traveler’s needs, and making them come back for more. Costa Rica Escorts Exotic Travel is a one-stop shop to the adventure you have always dreamed of. From travel details, transportation, meals, lodging, and entertainment-name it, WE HAVE IT! In addition to this, our adult companion packages to all regions of Costa Rica are available ALL YEAR ROUND! So what are you waiting for? Read further and help us plan the most memorable get-away you will experience in your life! SERVICES Travel we have a team of experts who would pick you and your friends anywhere in Costa Rica. From there on, you will be brought to the special place of your choice, where the weather is warm and dry, with boutiques nearby. Click on the various regional home pages and their respective resorts for more details. All resorts recommended in this site are first class. Please contact the hotels for more details. Gallery – this is where all the magic begins. Our gallery is filled with beautiful, young women who can brighten up your lonely day. All ladies are very warm, polite, sweet, and GUARANTEED CLEAN. You can choose among our wide selection of fine escorts by browsing through their pictures and descriptions. Choose two or more of our loveliest women that arouse your interest, and we will inform you if they would be made available to your particular travel dates. Feel free to fill out our â€Å"Online Reservation† to enter a paradise filled with excitement and adventure. Too good to be true? Think again. You are just a click away from your very own private adventure. At Costa Rica Escorts, our priority is to give you your safety and SATISFACTION, while keeping your security and privacy. So what are you waiting for? Travel with us and experience the once in a lifetime exotic adventure!

Review of Research Paper on Metastasis of Cancerous Tumors

Introduction Early diagnosis provides the best hope many have in beating cancer. Unfortunately, this is not the end of the fight for many cancer patients. Primary tumors may be successfully treated early, only to later discover they have metastasized to other areas of the body. The common medical definition of metastasis is: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called â€Å"secondary tumors† and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. This definition could be the reason why early treatment of a primary tumor is ineffective against metastatic tumor cells. As the definition suggests, the accepted model for the metastasis of tumor cells is through clonal evolution, where secondary tumors have similar genomes to the primary tumor. Recent studies suggest, however, that this may not be accurate. Significant divergence between primary and secondary tumors in renal cell metastases and breast metastases has been discovered in recent studies. An alternative model, one of a parallel evolution, would explain why therapies aimed at primary tumors are unsuccessful against metastatic cells. Further research on this alternative model could lead to therapies that not only target the properties of the primary tumor but also those of the secondary tumor and save many from the burden of fighting cancer again. Methods This study took 386 breast cancer patients and split them into two groups. M0, patients showing cells with no metastasis, and M1 patients, those that showed metastasis and performed a genomic analysis, or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of the Cytokeratin... ... tumor cells that could potentially disseminate, mutate, change, and grow into another tumor. More emphasis needs to be put on the development of disseminated cells because the changes in their growth cannot be reflected by the genomic data obtained from the primary tumor data; as a result, they can not be dealt with in the same manner. The main idea of this study is to underscore: "the need to validate potential cellular targets for adjuvant and systemic therapies on disseminated cancer cells directly"( Cancer Cell: July 2003). The paper that is being discussed is : Gray, J.W., Evidence emerges for early metastasis and parallel evolution of primary and metastatic tumors. Cancer Cell July 2003. Schmidt-Kittler, O. et al., From latent disseminated cells to overt metastasis: genetic analysis of systemic breast cancer progression. PNAS 100, 7734 (2003).

‘Miss Brill’ by Katherine Mansfield Essay

The short story ‘Miss Brill’ written in 1922 by Katherine Mansfield revolves around an elderly woman named Miss Brill. This particular short story is deeply influenced by Mansfield’s private life. Miss Brill is an unmarried, older English woman who lives by herself in a tiny apartment in France. She teaches English to students in France and reads the newspaper several times a week to an elderly man. The story is a reflection of Miss Brill’s inner conflicts, feelings of estrangement, loneliness and deep desire to be an important person. The old woman in the story wants very badly to belong to a family or a group. So every Sunday she goes to a seaside park, listens to the conversations of strangers and hears the band play. Her park visits help her in coping with her loneliness and provide her with much enjoyment. She sits on a special bench every week and listens to the conversations of others. While she listens to strangers she feels included and part of their lives. She experiences a sense of communion with the strangers in the park and imagines being a family member of the band. In this way, her rose colored glasses protect her from her lonely existence and empty life. Everything in the park is in great contrast to her actual life. The park for her is an alternate reality where she plays the part of an actress on a great stage. In reality, she is no longer important to anyone. However, in the park as an actress, her mere absence would cause great dismay to others. Her living conditions are gloomy and dark but the park that she visits is bright, sunny and filled with happiness. Her fur stole also becomes a dear pet when she visits the park. She attributes feelings and personality to the inanimate fur. She calls it her â€Å"little rogue!† and often strokes it affectionately. Another indicator of skewed reality is the fact that Miss Brill forgets that she herself is an old, odd, silent woman who had just come out of a dark room. She puts other elder people who also visit the park every Sunday in this category but not herself. By using these defenses she feels included, important and connected to other people around her. She fools herself into believing that she has a deep purpose in life. She has unintentionally set herself up to be hurt by reality. On one particular Sunday all her illusions are shattered. She is forced to understand her self-deception.   While looking at strangers, she sees an elderly woman with a fur hat. Miss Brill can identify with this other elderly woman. She sees the other woman being met by a gentleman. Like her lonely self, the other woman is also quite excited by new company.   The man pays no attention to her and instead rudely puffs into the other woman’s face. The man walks away but leaves the other woman humiliated. Miss Brill empathizes with the other woman and feels he has hurt both women equally. She quickly puts herself in her actress mode to avoid hurt and continues listening to others. She starts paying attention to the conversation of a young couple seated besides her.   The young man callously refers to her as â€Å"that stupid old thing†. He questions why the old lady comes to the park and why she strokes her stole. Instantaneously, her world of self deception is completely shattered. She finally understands that she is neither an actress on a stage nor an important part of this crowd. She has no choice but to return to her little apartment or her dark cupboard like room. This particular Sunday she does not stop by the bakers on her way back home. She feels no need to buy herself her usual slice of honey cake. She realizes that her coping mechanisms cannot help her cope with reality forever. At last, the young man’s rude remarks had woken her up from her happy dream into her nightmarish reality.

Explore the dramatic significance Essay

This scene takes place a few weeks after Marco and Rodolfo are first introduced into the play. The last scene has a climatic ending with recognition of apparent sexual attraction between Rodolfo and Catherine. In this scene, it appears that the two young characters have developed a liaison and intimacy, much to Eddie’s chagrin. This selected scene reveals to the audience not only the development of a romance between Rodolfo and Catherine but also the start of the deterioration of Eddie and Beatrice’s relationship as a result of Eddie’s affection for Catherine. The scene like many within the play, is introduced by Alfieri who pronounces: â€Å"Eddie Carbone never expected to have a destiny† (P22) thereby implying Eddie’s imminent downfall, similar to other protagonists found in Greek tragedies. However, as this is a modern tragedy, no one character is particularly corrupt. Indeed, they are just ordinary people. As confirmed in Alfieri’s speech as he asserts: â€Å"A man works, raises his family, goes bowling†¦ † (P22) Yet even inconsequential individuals can have extraordinary lives, and Miller encapsulates this in the play through the perceptive Chorus of Alfieri. Marco and Rodolfo who arrived at the Carbone household a few weeks prior to events occurring in this scene, are beginning to sense Eddie’s distress. During this introductory meeting Eddie generates a disliking for Rodolfo, which the audience realize, as a result of the magnetism between his niece and Rodolfo. He begins to only address Marco deliberately excluding Rodolfo from his conversation. Towards the end of this scene, Rodolfo and Catherine begin openly flirting, and in the background Eddie is seen with â€Å"his face puffed with trouble,†(P22) illustrating to the audience his future anxieties and jealousy in the play. Alfieri opens the scene, acting similarly to the chorus in a Greek tragedy. He comments upon the action whilst also instilling ideas into the audience’s mind. Being a lawyer, the audience regard him as a good judge of character. This is illustrated when he ends his speech with, â€Å"Now, as the weeks passed, there was a future, there was a trouble that would not go away. â€Å"(P22) Hence the audience will be awaiting the scene, hoping to find out what more danger lies ahead for this disillusioned protagonist, Eddie Carbone. Being the Chorus, Alfieri never leaves the stage, the lights dim or come up at his desk but he remains as judge over Eddie’s actions. The only other characters on the stage are Eddie and Beatrice. At the start of the scene, Eddie is standing at the doorway of the house anxiously waiting for Catherine and Rodolfo to return home from the cinema. Beatrice enters from the street, she is about to enter the house when Eddie talks to her. Miller gives many stage directions at this point as he knows exactly how he wants the scene to play out. The tension in which this scene begins is indicative of what is about to happen. Miller employs Eddie, his tragic hero, in this scene. It becomes obvious as to what his fatal flaw is. The role of Eddie is directed to be aggressive in order to attempt to conceal his inner anguish. Eddie â€Å"looks away† from Beatrice several times during their encounter, suggesting that he is ashamed of his feelings and obsession. His actions also reflect his growing disinterest in Beatrice, his wife, which mixed with his expanding interest in their niece creates a highly complex and dangerous situation. Nonetheless, Beatrice acts as the good wife and â€Å"smiles† at him when she catches sight of him. Despite this, Eddie looks away which emphasizes tension as it illuminates that there is some unease on Eddie’s part. Beatrice then continues to try and keep the mood light whilst avoiding the words she would have liked to say about her husband’s inappropriate affections. Miller directs her role to be more assertive causing the tension to rise further as what she is saying puts Eddie in a increasingly awkward state. Miller’s range of language devices in the play effectively bring out both character and theme. Alfieri’s language includes the dialogue spoken by an educated man critically aware of the tragic situation that is unraveling: â€Å"Who can ever know what will be discovered? † Miller thereby creates curiosity in the audience through his use of interrogative as well as a sympathetic response to Eddie who by now no longer can control his emotions. That said, Beatrice and Eddie speak in the simple dialect of the Italian American community, â€Å"You crazy or sump’m? † Beatrice (P23). Suggesting that she does not have the capacity to articulate her worries. In this section, Eddie refers to Rodolfo as ‘That’ several times; the absence of pronouns suggest that Eddie does not see Rodolfo as a person, more of a problem or obstacle which he has to overcome to save Catherine. The derogative language also implies sub-human, a reference to an animal, ergo proving that he deems Rodolfo as inadequate and displaying his hostility towards him. Ultimately, Eddie craves to convince Beatrice that Rodolfo is homosexual through facts like Rodolfo blonde and that male singers lack masculinity. Beatrice recognizes Eddie’s suggestions. In the stage directions, Miller writes that, ‘She realizes †¦ a campaign solidified in him. ‘ and as a result she takes a stand telling him, â€Å"Ain’t gonna start nothin’ here. † (P23) Her anger behind Eddie’s innuendos come from her realization of his jealousy as well as the fact that Eddie has not, as was case in 1940’s, fully understood what it is to be homosexual.

The role of human resources management in employee motivation The WritePass Journal

The role of human resources management in employee motivation Introduction The role of human resources management in employee motivation IntroductionHow Human Resource Management plays an important rule in employee motivation?Employee motivationLeadership Skills and Leadership BehaviorsEffective Leadership BehaviorsCONCLUSIONThe PurposeThe MethodThe ImplementationThe Considerations – Communication SkillsThe Considerations – Listening SkillsReferencesRelated Introduction Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic and coherent approach for the management of an organizations most precious assets the employees working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. The term human resource management and human resources (HR) have strongly replaced the term personnel management as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organization. In very simple words, HRM means employing people and developing their capacities and utilizing and maintaining and compensating their services in tune with the job and organizational needs and requirements. Human resources management includes several processes and stages. Both Together they are supposed to reach the above mentioned targets and goal. These processes can be carried on in an HR department, but some of the tasks and jobs can also be outsourced or performed by line managers or the other departments. When effectively performed they provide significant outstanding economic benefits to the organization. Human resources management presses and stages are: Workforce planning Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection) Induction, Orientation and Onboarding Skills management Training and development Personnel administration Compensation in wage or salary Time management Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Employee benefits administration Personnel cost planning Performance appraisal Labor relations How Human Resource Management plays an important rule in employee motivation? Employee motivation To be able to have a good effective workforce and to encourage and motivate them to give and do their best while at work it requires attention to all of the financial and also psychological and even physiological rewards offered by the organization as a non stop continuous exercise. The Basic financial rewards and conditions of service example working hours per week are determined externally by the national bargaining or government minimum wage legislation departments in many occupations but as much as 50 per cent of the gross pay of the manual workers is often the result of local negotiations and details example which particular hours shall be worked of conditions of service are often more important than the basics. Hence there is scope for financial and other motivations to be used at all levels. As the staffing needs will vary with the productivity of the employees (and the industrial peace achieved) so good personnel policies are desirable. The latter can depend upon other factors (like environment, welfare, workforce benefits and so on but unless the pay rat is accepted as a fair and just there will be no good motivation. Also the technicalities of payment and other systems may be the concern of others; the outcome of them is a subject of a great concern to human resource management. Increasingly the influence of behavioral science discoveries is becoming important not merely because of the widely acknowledged limitations of money as a motivation factor, but because of the changing mix and the nature of tasks example more service and professional jobs and far fewer unskilled and repetitive production jobs. So the situation demands a better educated mobile and multi-skilled workforce is much more likely to be influenced by other things like job satisfaction, involvement, participation and so on. than the economically dependent workforce of the past. Human resource management are suppose to be acting as a source of information about and a source of inspiration for the application of the findings of behavioral science. It may be a matter of paying the attention of the senior managers to what is being achieved elsewhere and the gradual education of middle managers to new points of view on job design, work organization and worker autonomy. Leadership Skills and Leadership Behaviors A good leader must develop their leadership skills and work to demonstrate and improve many positive leadership behaviors and to eliminate all of the negative leadership behaviors. These positive behaviors must be demonstrated at all times in all situations so that it is simply how the good leader works on. Leadership development is a continuous nonstop process of personal development. Effective Leadership Behaviors So many Different leadership studies highlight the importance of effective leadership behaviors, whether they are based on under-graduates or commercial managers at every level in an organization. In short words, there are commonalities that emerge from this research time and again, which characterize positive behaviors and negative behaviors. Whilst there may be significant differences at the detailed level there seems to be a broad consensus of positive leadership behaviors: Effective project planning and management Conducts regular, effective meetings to set objectives, allocate tasks and review performance Identifying the right person for the right role Appropriate delegation of responsibility whilst retaining accountability Consults and includes others in decision-making Shows an interest in others and responding to their needs whether that is for more information, guidance, support, personal development, positive feedback or reward and recognition Takes ownership and shows commitment for solving problems or difficult/sensitive issues Direct, clear, open style of communication Considers impact before action Leads by example, showing a contagious passion and enthusiasm, engaging and motivating other CONCLUSION In conclusion Leadership behavior can help motivate team members of the workforce for the better or worse. Subordinates look to leadership for guidance, support and direction. If leadership’s behavior does not match their words of encouragement, morale and motivation can be lost. Leadership’s behavior is just as important as the words used to inspire subordinates. Motivation is the force behind what drives people to work more efficiently and go the extra mile. The Purpose The purpose and the reason of motivation are to inspire the workforce to take positive actions. What a leader does can motivate the workforce to respond with a desire to work harder and more efficiently. For example, if the leader is appreciative and demonstrates it with the use of words, gifts and rewards, her followers will be more motivated to remain dedicated to their work on her behalf. Leadership behavior that wins the trust from followers promotes a positive corporate culture and spurs people toward being motivated. The Method In order To be able to motivate employees the leadership behavior must expose a need in the followers and a proper solution for that need. For example if the leaders recognized that his or her followers are using outdated equipments that’s frustrating to work with and replace it the followers will feel more respected and more taken care of. In turn, this makes the loyalty and dedications to the leader. The leaders who use his behavior to respond to his followers needs will result in motivated followers. The Implementation Any kind of a leader needs to perform some actions and personal behavior to inspire his workforce to motivation. This can be done by participating in a democratic leadership style where followers are included in decision making processes by encouraging comments, asking the employees some questions and taking the their suggestions and ideas with seriously and consideration. Rewarding subordinates is another behavior that leaders use to produce motivated employees. The Considerations – Communication Skills The way a leader communicates has the ability to empower or discourage the workforce. Communication is the process of using spoken words (verbal) and nonverbal messages such as body language, facial expressions and tone of the voice to receive and send messages so The more effective a leader’s communications are, the more his workforce are provided direction, purposes and satisfaction. The Considerations – Listening Skills The leader who demonstrates an effective listening skill is able to send a strong message that he or she cares and is leading with the best interest of the team in mind. Listening skills include making mental actions, asking questions, recall the information back to the sender and responding the message. Effective listening also are able use nonverbal cues, such as body language and nodding the head, to let the other person know she is listening. References Armstrong, Michael (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th ed.). London: Kogan Page. ISBN  0-7494-4631-5. OCLC  62282248. personnel management. The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition Ed.). Columbia University Press. 2005. bartleby.com/65/x-/X-personne.html. Retrieved 2007-10-17. personnel management see industrial management. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (kl ed.). Personnel administration is also frequently called personnel management, industrial relations, employee relations. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Towers, David. Human Resource Management essays. towers.fr/essays/hrm.html. Retrieved 2007-10-17. Golding, N. (2010) Strategic Human Resource Management in Beardwell, J. and Claydon, T. (2010) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach, FT Prentice Hall Storey, J. (2007) What is strategic HRM? in Storey, J. (2007) Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, Thompson Paauwe, J. (2009) HRM and Performance: Achievement, Methodological Issues and Prospects Journal of Management Studies, 46 (1) Pfeffer, J. (1994) Competitive advantage through people, Harvard Business School Press Becker, B. and Gerhart, B. (1996) The impact of human resource management on organizational performance Academy of Management Journal 39 (4) 779-801   Kochan, T. and Barocci, T. (1985) Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations, Little Brown

Atlantic Puffin essays

Atlantic Puffin essays The Atlantic Puffin is member of the Alcidae Family. These birds can be found abundantly, estimated 14 million, in the North Atlantic ocean. They can be found on both sides of the Atlantic ocean, but a much larger population is found in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway. They only come ashore to breed and raise a chick. Puffins range in size from 11.5-13.5 inches in length, and their wingspan 21-24 inches. Their weight is usually no more than 490.5 grams. They have been given nicknames like sea parrot and clowns of the sea because of their multi-colored bills. Atlantic puffins were once used by humans for their feathers, which were used in ladies hats. Today they are a common food item in Iceland.( ) Something else that makes these birds so unique is their eyes. They are set deeply in the skull with round full cheeks. Around the eye there is crimson ring and above it a small triangular blue, horny plate and below it a bar similar in color. However it is only during breeding season that the Atlantic Puffin sports its colorful red, yellow, and blue beak. Once nesting season is over the color disappears. During the winter months both adult and juvenile have a dirty gray face, usually the juveniles is even darker. From September through February these birds can be located from the North Atlantic into the Mediterranean Sea. While at sea they can swim easily, riding the waves even in the roughest weather. Puffins feed on small fish mollusks, and crustaceans. They are able to catch these animals from wither the air or water. They dive down and swallow the animals underwater. Towards the end of February and early March the start to arrive at their nesting grounds . They usually gather just offshore in rafts. As the season advances , and more time is spent on land, the birds bond with eat other, cooing and nibbling. Both male and ...

Pope Leo III - Charlemagnes Pope - Pope Saint Leo III

Pope Leo III - Charlemagne's Pope - Pope Saint Leo III Pope Leo III was also known as: Charlemagnes Pope Pope Leo III is noted for: crowning Charlemagne Emperor and establishing the precedent that only the pope could confer the imperial crown. Leo was also physically attacked in the streets of Rome by supporters of his predeccessor. Occupation Role in Society: PopeSaint Places of Residence and Influence: Italy Important Dates: Elected pope: Dec. 26, 795Attacked: April 25, 799Died: June 12, 816 About Pope Leo III: Rather than keeping the papacy independent of secular authorities, Leo deliberately took steps to ally with Charlemagne and his growing empire. Attacked in the streets of Rome by supporters of his predecessors nephew, Leo sought the aid of Charlemagne and eventually crowned him emperor, establishing an important precedent. As pope, Leo was adept in diplomacy and managed to keep his Carolingian allies from exerting any real influence on matters of doctrine. He died in 816. For more about Leo, visit your Guides Concise Biography of Pope Leo III. More Leo III Resources: Concise Biography of Pope Leo IIIImage of Leo crowning Charlemagne Leo III on the Web Pope St. Leo IIIFairly substantial bio by Horace K. Mann at the Catholic Encyclopedia.Pope Saint Leo IIIConcise collection of useful data, heavily hyperlinked, at the Patron Saints Index. Leo III in Print The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. by Richard P. McBrienby P. G. Maxwell-Stuart Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society

Wanting to become an auditor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wanting to become an auditor - Essay Example The spirit of the law is demonstrated by examining the legitimate goals of a company, which provide it with ethical direction and by examining the duties of the accounting professionals who are accountable to the company as well as the general public. These professional responsibilities are determined by their legitimate economic functions. The major responsibilities of the external auditor are first, to evaluate financial statements and ensure that such statements reflect the financial facts of a company and second, to closely monitor the financial markets and query irregular practices that would obfuscate the facts. To achieve these objectives the auditor has to resort to professional skepticism.1 The competence of an accountant is dependant to a very large extent on the skill possessed in handling numbers. Since, this skill can be used to misrepresent and distort the true position, it has to be concluded that in the absence of morality a good accountant is not a moral or ethical accountant. The auditor’s duty is to ensure that accounting or the language of business is properly utilized so that the financial data is interpreted correctly. Moreover, the function of the independent auditor is that of a watchdog and the auditor has to ensure that the companys assessments are reasonable and not at variance with the reality. Further, these assessments are to be made on the basis of a consistent policy, which does not change over the years. It is the duty of the external auditor to certify that the financial statement of a company fairly represents its financial position as such certifications are essential requirements for an efficient financial market. The spirit behind these functions has been seriously violated in recent years. Blind insistence on compliance with the principles, practices and conventions has relegated to the background the all important requirement that financial statements should provide clear and unambiguous details of the

Demonstrate an understanding of financial statement analysis Essay

Demonstrate an understanding of financial statement analysis - Essay Example For instance, if a financial statement analysis is conducted and the results indicate profitability of the company then the shareholders are assured of a company’s prospective growth hence safety of investments. In the contrary, they may decide to sell their shares where financial statement analyses indicate a downfall in profitability. This group’s interest concerns the company’s wealth situation. Their major interest is security of the money they invested in the company and the ability of the company to refund both the accrued interest as well as principle amount within the designated repayment time. The creditors are interested in financial statement analysis for purposes of establishing the short-term liquidity status of a firm. Their main interest is to ascertain a firm’s capability to repay the amount they owe on time. â€Å"They do financial statement analysis from which they are informed on whether there is need to extend the lends and ask for advanced interest charges† (Sinha & Sinha, 2009). It is for this purpose that the information gathered from the financial statements is important. The management is charged with the responsibility of ensuring a smooth running of an organisation. They are responsible in formulation of future policies and plans as well as undertaking immediate decisions. It is for this reason that they should analyse financial statements in order to measure the effectiveness of the policies and the decisions they make in the day-to-day running of a firm. â€Å"In addition, the management’s interest is to ascertain both the short-term and long-tern creditworthiness of the company, productivity, liquidity and return on investment status of the business† (Shim, & Siegel, 2007). It is the duty of every government to ensure that firms conform to tax regulations. Therefore, the government examines financial statements with an aim of determining tax submission. In addition, the government

Report -- financial investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report -- financial investment - Essay Example he company stood at 39,848 Million, which included 4,135 Million liquidity which is a good prospect for a shareholder as the company has good available liquidity. The company also has enough cash to pay off its short term liabilities. The company had a good prospect to pay off its short term and current liabilities. The sales of the company was spread all over the world and carried less amount of bad debts which also gave strength to its debtors turnover. The current ratio of the company is 1.44, with current Assets amounting to 12,571 and current liabilities 8,756. The company has a substantial cover over its current liabilities and has enough current assets to overcome the current liabilities. The industry’s average current ratio is 1.08, which gives an indication that Pepsi is well off compared to the other companies. The company carries 8,759 quick assets to cover current liabilities worth of 8,756 which gives a quick ratio of 1. (Co.) The current assets of the company amount to 17,551 while the current liabilities stand at 13,721. It makes the current ratio stand at 1.28. This specifies that the company has adequate current assets to pay off their current obligations. (Stock-Analysis, 2010) However, the quick assets make up 12,971 of the current assets which are less than the current liabilities. This may create difficulty for the company when it pays off its current liabilities. (Cola) The profitability ratios, i.e. the Return on Assets and the Return on Equity for the company amount to 14.92% and 35.38% respectively. (Stock-Analysis) The similar rations for the industry stand at 4.14% and 11.9% respectively which gives Pepsi Inc an upper hand as it has utilized its assets and equity very efficiently. The company generated a Return on Assets and Return on Equity equal to 14.72% and 27.52% respectively which is well over the industry norms. The company generated a profit of 6,824, which is 1,000 more than the profit of the company last year and 800

You will write a critical analysis on Johnathan Swift's A Modest Essay

You will write a critical analysis on Johnathan Swift's A Modest Proposal - Essay Example To develop this thesis he goes into details about how much it will cost to rear a child, how this cost can be saved if the child is sold as food and what portion of the population will be affected. He even gives specific details about the number of servings a child can provide. This is what Swift (1729) has to say, â€Å"I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. to be about two shillings per annum, rags included; and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good fat child, which, as I have said, will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat†. According to him the meat of the children of Ireland will be a delicacy for the English and the Irish landowners. Here Swift (1729) writes, â€Å"...a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled†. A satire has always been considered as a piece of art and A Modest Proposal, is a masterpiece belonging to this genre. Swift uses satire to give solutions to the Irish people. He argues that the Irish should either starve or take recourse to cannibalism by fattening up children and selling them in the meat markets. Swifts "modest proposal" is ironic and satirical and succeeds in pointing out the unfair and hypocritical way England had dealt with the famine in Ireland. Swifts satire is sometimes oblique and sometimes direct. For example in one place he says while the meat of children cannot be preserved in salt for long sea voyages, he â€Å"could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.† (Swift, 1729) Here he alludes to England. The satire in some places is directed at Protestant-Catholic divisions. He ridicules the Irish for their Roman Catholic religious practice which discourages birth control and encourages people to have more children.. . This is what he says his proposal would do,

Pocahontas 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pocahontas 3 - Essay Example Another topic is selflessness and courage. Her encounter of saving Smith’s life was an act of love for humans despite one’s origin. In addition, trickery is portrayed in the sense that she was lured to board an English boat and later ended up as a slave so as to entice her father to cooperate with the new settlers. The central argument is how she promoted peace and mutual understanding between the Englishmen and the native Indians of Virginia. The movie is very engaging by the drama and humor it brings on board. Pocahontas is referred to as a princess, but in reality she was not entitled to inherit things a princess would inherit. The arguments are well supported by the language and actions in the documentary. The video has no bias at all and all crystal clear. I enjoyed watching the moving because it’s really engaging and the most interesting part is when Pocahontas fell in love with a person from another race, religion, custom and later decided to stay with the Brits rather than going back to her

Ionic Liquid and Multicomponent Reaction Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ionic Liquid and Multicomponent Reaction - Thesis Example Among the many chemical species whose reactions can be catalyzed by variants of this method include ketones, and alcohols. Ionic liquids oxidize alcohols faster than conventional solvents, (7), (14) and are useful for both ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ²-unsaturated ketones, (15) and diketone derivatives. (16), (17), (18)   , (19)  Ã‚   Of course, multi-component reactions involving these, or aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids and isocyanides are typical of an Ugi reaction. The isocyanides themselves being critical to the four-component reaction. (20)   As well as being central to Passerini-type reactions. (4)   In addition, ionic liquids are useful for isomerizations, sugar acetylation, (21) the Baylis-Hillman reaction, (22) other high-temperature organic syntheses, given high thermal stability. (When dicationic) (23)   Within Ionic liquids, yields can be relatively high for stereochemistry-retained vinyl chalcogenides, (24) and N-substitution of alkyl halides, and various chlorides. (25)   Just a few of the reactions possible with ionic liquid multi-component processes are listed below: Alkylation, The Michael reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, and at least four others, not to mention both two-step, and multicomponent domino reactions, for a start. (13)   Ionic liquids are superior in the carbonylation of some halides. (26)   Several sources discuss these reactions in terms of efficiency, and the lessening of environmental impact. (16), (13).

Pocahontas 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pocahontas 3 - Essay Example Another topic is selflessness and courage. Her encounter of saving Smith’s life was an act of love for humans despite one’s origin. In addition, trickery is portrayed in the sense that she was lured to board an English boat and later ended up as a slave so as to entice her father to cooperate with the new settlers. The central argument is how she promoted peace and mutual understanding between the Englishmen and the native Indians of Virginia. The movie is very engaging by the drama and humor it brings on board. Pocahontas is referred to as a princess, but in reality she was not entitled to inherit things a princess would inherit. The arguments are well supported by the language and actions in the documentary. The video has no bias at all and all crystal clear. I enjoyed watching the moving because it’s really engaging and the most interesting part is when Pocahontas fell in love with a person from another race, religion, custom and later decided to stay with the Brits rather than going back to her

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king Essay - 3

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king - Essay Example When Wallace was defeated, Bruce became the custodian of Scotland ruling it with Comyn but they later fell out. Robert Bruce was later excommunicated and banished from Scotland, leading to his exile in modern day Northern Ireland. However, Robert Bruce returned and waged a successful war against the English and their rulers, whereby at the Battle of Bannockburn, he defeated the English army that was under the command of Edward II. After this, the Declaration of Independence was made at Arbroath that made Scotland be recognized as an independent nation with Robert Bruce as the king of Scotland. Robert Bruce is considered one of the greatest kings in the history of Scotland as he led them to many victories against their enemies. This king was born of Norman and Celtic ancestries and led the Scots to most of the wars against the English, especially under King Edward I. Notable amongst his many victories is the victory achieved under his rule at Bannockburn in the year 1314, which culminated in the freedom of the Scots from English rule (Brown 2008, p. 1). Due to the supremacy of the English forces over their northern Scottish neighbours, the Scots were continuously humiliated in wars and battles over resources and territories. However, with the rise in the nationalist fervour amongst the Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce, the English were defeated at the Battle of Bannockburn, which marked an important defining moment for Scotland and an evaluation of the greatness of Robert Bruce as a leader. The Battle of Bannockburn is considered the highlight of the greatness of Robert Bruce as a great and exceptional leader in the history of Scotland as he led Scottish forces to a major defeat against the English troops (Spiers 2011, p. 7). As at 1313, Robert Bruce had demanded that the remnants of the Balliol regime acknowledge him as the absolute king of the Scotland as well as surrender their

A Sense of Sin Essay Example for Free

A Sense of Sin Essay No one doubts the presence of evil in the world. We experience it in a variety of ways: national and international conflict; domestic and street violence; political and corporate corruption; and a host of manifestations of sexism, clericalism, racism, ageism, and other violations of justice. All such forms of brutality, disorder and discrimination, seem from a theological perspective, are rooted in sin. But do we ever recognize the sin and name it as such? 1 Retrieving a Sense of Sin For some reason, sin seems to have lost its hold on us as a way of accounting for and naming so much of the evil we know. Among the many other reasons, the eclipse of the religious world view through the rise of the secular spirit accounts significantly for the loss of the sense of sin. In fact, in his post-synodal exhortation, Reconciliatio et Penitentia (1984), Pope John Paul II credits â€Å"secularism† above all with contributing to a loss of a sense of sin.2 The secular spirit questions the relevance and meaning of all Christian symbols, and even of religion itself. One effect of this secular spirit on the meaning of sin, for example, has been to reduce sin to some form of psychological or social disorder. The therapeutic perspective which pervades the secular spirit looks on behavior as either healthily adaptive-problem-solving behavior, or as unhealthy, nonadaptive, and problem-creating behavior.3 It does not call the latter sin. For a survey at major attempts in the past twenty years to explore the mystery of sin, see James A. O’Donohue, Toward a Theology of Sin: A Look at the Last Twenty Years,† Church 2 (Spring 1986): 48-54. 2 The other factors of a non-ecclesial nature which John Paul II lists as errors made in evaluating certain findings of the human sciences, deriving systems of ethics from historical relativism, and identifying sin with neurotic guilt. Within the thought and life of the Church, certain trends have also contributed to the loss of the sense of sin. Among these he lists the movement from seeing sin everywhere to not recognizing it anywhere; from an emphasis on fear of external punishment to preaching a love of God that excludes punishment; from correcting erroneous consciences to respecting consciences but excluding the duty to tell the truth. Two other ecclesial factors are the plurality of opinions existing in the church on questions of morality and the deficiencies in the practice of penance. To restore a healthy sense of sin, the pope advocates â€Å"a sound catechetics, illuminated by the biblical theology of the covenant, by an attentive listening and trustful openness to the magisterium of the church, which never ceases to enlighten consciences, and by an ever more careful practice of the sacrament of penance.† See Origins 14 (December 20, 1984): 443-444, quotation at p. 444. 3 The research of the team headed by sociologist Robert Bellah which has produced Habits of the Heart (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), a study of the American beliefs and practices which give shape to our character and form our social order, shows that the therapist is the newest character forming American culture. See Chapter Two â€Å"Culture and Character: The Historical Conversation,† pp. 27-51, especially pp. 47-48. 2 Moreover, the secular, therapeutic perspective tends to look on persons more as victims of unconscious or socio-cultural influences than as agents of free actions. Psychiatrists Karl Menninger in Whatever Happened to Sin4 and M. Scott Peck in People of the Lie5 want to make full allowance for those conditions which cause people to do evil. Yet both insist on a strip of responsibility which cannot be negotiated away to these determining influences. While the behavioral sciences provide us with helpful explanations of human behavior, they do not give a full account. Sin is real, and we need a fresh way to get at it and call it what it is. What do we need to grasp in order to retrieve a sense of sin in an adult manner? Contemporary moral theology says a â€Å"sense of responsibility.† Christian theologians find in â€Å"responsibility† the essential theme of Christian faith and the central characteristic of the moral life. A leading Protestant theologian of this century, H. Richard Niebuhr, has done much to give impetus to the â€Å"responsibility† motif in Christian morality. 6 He summarizes the constituents of responsibility by describing the agent’s actions as a response to an action upon him in accordance with his interpretation of the latter action and with his expectation of response to his response; and all of this is in a continuing community of agents. (The Responsible Self, 65) Since God is present to us in and through all that makes up our lives so that we are never not in the presence of God, our responses to all our actions upon us include our response to God. As Niebuhr asserts, â€Å"Responsibility affirms: God is acting in all our actions upon you. So respond to all actions upon you as to respond to his action† (The Responsible Self, 126). If â€Å"being responsible† sums up the quality of character and action marking Christian moral living, sin will mark the failure to be fully responsible. â€Å"Responsibility† as a motif for the moral life has found its way into Catholic moral thinking with the strong support of the biblical renewal in the Catholic Church. Bernard Hà ¤ring, who has been instrumental in renewing Catholic moral thinking, has used this notion of â€Å"responsibility† with great success in reconstructing Catholic moral thought. Along with other Catholic theologians, Hà ¤ring has found in the biblical renewal a fresh theological framework and an orientation for understanding the moral life.7 We turn, then, to the biblical perspective on sin. Menninger, Whatever Happened to Sin? (New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1973). Peck, People of the Lie (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1983). 6 See especially Niebuhr, The Responsible Self (New York: Harper Row, 1963), pp. 61-65. 7 Bernard Hà ¤ring’s writings are vast and wide-ranging. His early three-volume work, The Law of Christ (Westminster: Newman Press, 1961, 1963, 1966), was one of the first major works by a Catholic moral theologian to rethink morality in light of the biblical renewal. His most recent three-volume work, Free and Faithful in Christ (New York: Seabury Press, 1978, 1979, 1981), is an expression of Hà ¤ring’s more mature thought. This work is not a revision of The Law of Christ, but a completely new work. Charles E. Curran, a student of Hà ¤ring, has followed his teacher’s lead in making efforts at renewing moral theology in light of the biblical renewal. Some of Curran’s pertinent articles are â€Å"The Relevancy of the Ethical Teaching of Jesus† and â€Å"Conversion: The Central Message of Jesus† in A New Look at Christian Morality (Notre Dame: Fides Publishers, Inc., 1968), pp. 1-23 and 25-71. Sin: The Biblical Perspective From the Bible we see that Christian morality is primarily a â€Å"vocation.† This means that our life is a response to the word of God spoken to us preeminently in Jesus, but also in and through the people and events of our lives. From the perspective of vocation, wherein God calls and we respond, responsibility replaces obligation as the primary characteristic of the moral life. Also, the relationship that we establish with God in and through our responses to all things becomes the focal point of the moral life. From this point of view, practicing the presence of God becomes essential for Christian responsibility, Christian moral growth, and our awareness of sin. A consistent theme of contemporary theology has been that we cannot have a proper understanding of sin unless we have a proper understanding of the nature and implications of the covenant God has established with us. â€Å"Covenant† and â€Å"heart† are the dominant metaphors of biblical faith for understanding the moral life. They provide the biblical horizon against which to recognize sin. Covenant The two frequently used terms for sin in the Old Testament point to violations of relationships. Hattah is the most common term. Its meaning, â€Å"to miss the mark† or â€Å"to offend,† points to a purposeful action oriented toward an existing relationship. The existence of the relationship makes the offence or failure possible. Pesa, meaning â€Å"rebellion,† is a legal term denoting a deliberate action violating a relationship in community. The New Testament term for sin is hamartia. It connotes a deliberate action rooted in the heart and missing the intended mark. 8 These terms acquire theological significance when used in the context of the covenant which expresses the most personal kind of relationship between God and us. The primary aim of the covenant is that God loves us without our having done anything to attract God’s attention or to win that love. God’s covenant is a bond of completely gratuitous love, pure grace. But God’s initiative of love (grace) does not destroy our freedom. Unlike the Godfather, God makes an offer we can refuse. God’s offer of love awaits our acceptance. Once we accept the offer of love we commit ourselves to living as the covenant requires. The covenant context lifts the notion of sin out of a legalistic framework to set it on a level of a personal relationship with God. In worshipping the golden calf (Ex 32), Israel missed the mark of covenant love, or sinned, not so much because Israel broke one of the laws of the covenant, but because Israel broke the personal bond of love of which the law was an external expression. The law was not to be the final object of Israel’s fidelity. God was. Sin in the Bible is not merely breaking a law. Sin is breaking or weakening the God-given bond of love. The law was an aid to Israel’s fidelity and pointed to the responsibilities of being in relationship to God.

Changes in Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Moder

Changes in Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Moder Nursing staff have seen their roles and responsibilities change considerably within the modernisation of the NHS, but is this a good thing? There are some big changes in the nursing field in the last 50 years such as, uniform, salaries, job demand, the roles of nurses, the different roles for men and women nurses, the technology used, Litigation and Documentation, Holistic Care and patient load. Nurses are becoming more popular and demanding in all sorts of different working environments such as, working in nursing homes, hospitals, home help, travel nurse, school nurse and more. Years ago, nurses were seen just as little more than helpers or assistants for doctors. Today in 2010, nurses are health care professionals in their own right. They are bright, capable, and often have a clearer picture of the overall situation than the doctors they work alongside with. Nursing has not only changed on the face of it but the background work of a nurse has changed to, for example the education given to nurses, the scope of policies and practice, the structures of nurses and the principles of the care of the patient. People are lead to believe that the modernisation of the NHS will be beneficial to the care of the patient, but is this really the case? Due to the increasingly shortage of nurses, they have learned to be more independent which is an outstanding way to increase skills and keep up to date with the new trends in health care. As well as nursing changing, health care in general has changed too. Within the modernisation of the NHS and nursing the care of the patients is still the everlasting goal. This means that there is more work for the nurses, which then has a knock on affect leading to less satisfaction of patient care. Although the NHS and government are doing their best to modernize nursing with the patients interests are heart, it seems like there is less time for care due to time, but more time for paperwork. The Department of Health has laid down certain policy initiatives, targets and structural and organizational changes that can improve the quality of care received by patients through the NHS. These changes are emphasized along with the need for multi-agency and multi-organizational collaborative working acros s disciplinary boundaries. The four key interfaces for which collaboration and coordination measures are being suggested are health and social care; general medical and community health services; primary and secondary care; and interface with carers (DoH, 1996). The education of nurses now days are a lot more intense and harder than it was 10 years ago. Over the last 10 years, there has been a gradual shift for the education and training of nurses. Currently all nurses have to be trained to a degree university level before they can practice as a fully qualified nurse. Opportunities for nurses have increased by large, with one training opportunity being through the internet although this method of training has to be approved by the NHS. On the other hand, years ago nurses only had to have a diploma or LPNS. Now days all nurses have to attend and complete continuing education courses to keep up to date with the new trends and information used in the current day. In addition to the higher and more advanced education, which nurses now have to have, there comes an increases scope of practice. In the current worlds, nurses are doing more and going places that in the past they would not be allowed to have done. The scope of practice is an expression used for various professions that define the procedures, actions, and processes that are allowed to be used and practiced. In the health care profession, there are many different jobs with very different defined scope of practice laws and regulations. These include nursing, social workers, speech and language pathology,  audiologists,  training, radiography,  nuclear medicine, dentists, surgeons, paramedics, physicians and many more. In the interest of the patients, it is a good thing that nurses are allowed to do more and more as there are more doctors than nurses, so the patients may be seen quicker, but on the other hand, it is not a good thing as nurses are doing more and maybe caring for th e patient need and wished less. Nowadays in hospitals, the wards are not gender mixed although the nurses are gender mixed between wards. The stereotypical roles of a nurse have change a lot since the 1990s. There are more male nurses but still not enough. However although there are still not enough male nurses, the female domination of nurses is slowly decreasing and now more men are entering the caring profession. For patients the more male nurses is a good thing because some patients i.e. men prefer to be treated by a man. For example, a man may like to be washed by a man and not a woman for dignity reasons. In addition, for years, the majority of nursing was thought of as a female profession but every year more and more males are joining the nursing profession. Nowadays being a male nurse does not have a stigma attached to it and is now seen as a very good career. The demand of nurses now in 2010 is by large massive. The NHS is always asking for more nurses. When the baby boom started there was a very large need for nurses but as the baby boom is decreasing now there is time and money for improvement of standards of living and disease control, our citizens are living longer. As the general population increases, so too does the demand for nurses. Now more than ever nurses are overworked but with the increasingly shortage of nurses they have to work harder and longer hours, which again is not benefiting the patients. Because of the nursing demand and staff shortage, staffs are taking more sick days due to excessive stress and lack of sleep and self-time. This is because nursing is very demanding on a person not just mentally but physically too. This is seriously compromising the NHS. In 2010 compared to 1980, there is a lot more technology for nurses to use and to be trained to use. Nurses today have to keep up to date with a lot more technology than a nurse 50 years would have had to. Technology can be seen as a good gadget and as a bad gadget, because not only do nurses have to provide basic and skilled care, they also have to learn how to work with many types of equipment that are specific to their area of expertise. The more popular piece of technology used every day by a nurse is a computer. Nurses use them every day as a way to document the care given to a patient. Although new technology is a good advantage for health care, it has its negatives, for example training the staff to use it costs a lot of money, but on the other hand, it can save lifes. Other important technology that is used every day that benefits a patient is, air mattresses as they help to prevent DVTs and assistance with IV insertion which has made things a lot simpler. All of the new high tech equipment being simplified is for user- friendliness, which means that the new methods are speeding things up. Lastly, infection control plays a big part in the NHS every day, so new technology is being developed all the time, although the basic hand washing procedures remain very much the same. There are many different approaches to nursing care, one being the holistic care. This type of care has become more and more popular. The commutations between the Health and Allied Health services improving, a total Patient Care Model has come about. Resulting in decreased in-patient times and better health outcomes. The holistic care has been seen more popular within the complementary therapies and concepts. The patient load that a nursed has is massive. In America, there was a debate about the amount of patients under care of nurses. In 1999, the debate was won and there was a cap of the amount of patients allowed under care of one nurse. The results have been very effective from happier staff and better care for patients. There should be a cap in the UK. The changes of nursing over the last 10 years have been welcomed with open arms, but there are still teething problems and views that need to be heard. Optimal patient care is in a constant battle with budget and we can expect to see new policy reforms, new technology, and new demands created in the decade to come. It remains the responsibility of not only the nurses, but also the patients of the future, to voice their opinions in order to guide the Industry in the right direction. Nurses are now expected to come with a bigger patents load but more paper work as well. The importance of the paper work has increases over the last 10 years. This is due to the society that we now live in as it has been raised to need someone to blame for everything. As a nurse or doctor there are many emotional people around you every day as people are dying all the time. Therefore, sometimes people sue the nurses and doctors as they are upset and think the person died due to the NHSs fault. Following this, nurses and doctors keep finding themselves in court. Even if they have not done anything, all allegations have to be investigated. This is the reason for paperwork there is to write up. Paperwork is the only solid setting stone and proof/ backup of a nurses care. A nurse is required to document every blood pressure reading, every medication, every incident, and every day. They have to  account  for every action, and put it all in writing. The problem with documentation is th at it takes time. More time for documentation means less time for patients. Plain and simple. The polices that nurses have to follow are very similar across the whole world. In Australia, the no-lift policy was introduced in the late 1990s. To date the policy is still used and the nurses are trained using this policy. No-Lift means using Lifting Machines to mobilise patients, using slide sheets to manoeuvre them around the bed and promoting back care in general. Although this concept is yet to be adopted in the UK, the benefits are becoming obvious and discussions have begun on the implementation of a similar policy in the UK. There are many different types of nurses that work in the community and in the hospitals. These can range from, Adult nurses, mental health nurses, Childrens nurses, Learning disability nurses, District nurses, Neonatal nursing, Health visitors, Practice nurses, Prison nurses, School nurses and Healthcare assistants. There are also many different levels to being a nurse. A health care assistant is under a nurse, and then you have staff nurses, then sisters and ward sisters and then nurse manager/ matron. All in all these all make up our NHS and work as a team to provide the best possible care for the patient. There is a large scale of pay, which starts at around  £13,000 to  £67,000. The above table shows how the NHS works. The last 40 years nurses uniform has changed but not that much. In the 1960s nurses still wore dresses and stocking .In the 1970†²s more changes came to the way nurses dressed. Dresses were a little shorter and the white caps were beginning to lose importance in some hospitals across the country. In the 1980†²s there was an end of the nursing caps altogether. Nurses also began wearing disposable aprons at this point rather than cloth aprons and medical facilities became much less militant in regards to restrictions on jewellery and cosmetics. During the 1990†²s and today, nursing dresses have been replaced with much more user-friendly scrub suits. Scrub suits can be found in a wide variety of colours and styles. Some hospitals have specific scrub suit colours for different types of hospital staff and others allow nurses and other staff to choose colours and styles that appeal to them. Todays nursing uniforms are designed more for function than form but are also conside red much more comfortable than those worn throughout history are. There are many different theories towards nursing. The three main ones are needs based theories. The main point being that the focus of nursing is the assessment and care of the patients / clients needs, which they are unable to meet for themselves. The second theory is interactions theories. The main point of this being the focus of nursing is the relationship between the nurse and the patient / client. Lastly, the other theory is the goal-based theories. The main point again being that the focus of nursing is the outcome and emphasis is placed on facilitating the ability of the patient / client to adapt to changes in their health and regain stability and harmony. Today in the NHS nursing takes on a role of the biomedical model. The biomedical model has been around since the mid- nineteenth century as the most common model used to diagnose diseases. The biomedical model states that All illness and symptoms arise from underlying abnormality in the body, all diseases give rise to symptoms and that health is absence of disease. The model overlooks the fact that the diagnosis is a result of commutation between doctor and patient. Biomedical model has no doubt led to huge medical advances although the patient has little responsibility for presence /cause of illness. In conclusion, the changes in roles and responsibilities of nurses in the modernisation of the NHS can beneficial towards the patients but can also be damaging towards the patients. This is due to lack of staff and increased working hours, more paperwork, and more tasks that a nurse has to do and there are generally more patients now than 10 years ago. Therefore, a nurse has less time caring for the patients needs. On the other hand, the modernisation is seen as a good thing because there is more technology nowadays to make the nurses life easier, which also get a more persist result. Within the context of policies and procedures there are no many more rules than year ago, which does make a nurses life maybe easier but maybe harder. With all of these changes to nurses and the NHS in general, is the modernization is good thing, does it have the patients interests are heart or is it about saving money?

Data Interpretation :: Papers

Data Interpretation Male- 42% Female-58% In Fig it illustrates that 58% of the people interviewed were female, this suggests that the tourist attraction sin Cheddar appeal more the females Fig backs up this theory that the majority were either retired or young mothers, which suggest that there was more females interviewed, or that all of the men were out working. The fact that each interviewee was interviewed at a different place suggests the results collected were of an even spread. In fig the main spread of where people came from is around the Cheddar area, for example Somerset, from this I then created a sphere of influence, the sphere of influence by Cheddar is shown to be global. In fig it shows how often people visited Cheddar, this can be linked to where they live or come from because someone who lives in Weston-Super-Mare has more chance or easier access to visiting Cheddar. In Fig 98% of the people visiting Cheddar were on a day trip, the other 2% were not on a day trip, this again links back to where people live or come from, because someone who lives in Finland or Cape Town in Africa aren't going to fly out to England just to visit Cheddar but then people who live in Bath have the time to visit Cheddar for more than just a day trip they could stay for a few days. In Fig it shows how they members of the public travelled to Cheddar on that particular, from the pie chart you can clearly see that the most common use of transport was by Car. You can also see that the public buses were not used at all to travel to Cheddar. In Fig it shows the tourist attractions visited by the members of the public, you can see that the main attractions were the Caves and the Jacob's ladder, the attraction visited by the members of the public could have been affected by the length of stay each person has, for instance someone who is on a day trip may want to visit them all in

A Review of Saint Augustine’s Virtue and the Human Soul Essay

In Augustine’s article â€Å"Virtue and the Human Soul,† happiness is discussed in great detail. What makes a man happy? How do we obtain this happiness and where does happiness reside? Can this happiness be lost? Augustine answers these questions by the notion of one’s â€Å"chief good.† He explains that a man’s chief good is the reason behind all happiness. If one is not happy, it is because they have not found their chief good, and therefore cannot be happy until they find it (Augustine 264-267). â€Å"Happiness is in the enjoyment of man’s chief good. Two conditions of the chief good: 1st, Nothing is better than it; 2nd, it cannot be lost against the will† (Augustine 264-267). As human beings, we all want to be happy and live enjoyable lives. However, Augustine believes that only one type of person can fully achieve happiness, the man who both loves and possesses their chief good (Augustine 264-267). He describes three other cases when happiness is not obtained. First, one who seeks what he cannot obtain suffers torture (Augustine 264-267). This means that someone who strives for something that they will never be able to reach is not happy. Secondly, one who has got what is not desirable is cheated (Augustine 264-267). This is saying that someone who has received happiness in a way that they do not like, or has received happiness that they do not want, can never be happy. Thirdly, one who does not seek for what is worth seeking for is diseased (Augustine 264-26 7). This final case is when someone seeks happiness through things that are wrong and not worth having. In all of these three mentioned cases, one’s chief good has not been found. Augustine continues in the article by discussing how man’s chief good is not inferior to man itself, but more as an equal to man. The chief good then must be something that is never lost against the will (Augustine 264-267). The chief good, once properly in the heart of a man, can never be taken away. It resides fully in the inner workings of man and is buried so deep within that nothing could ever take away the happiness. â€Å"For no one can feel confident regarding a good which he knows can be taken from him, although he wishes to keep and cherish it. But if a man feels no confidence regarding the good which he enjoys, how can he be happy while in such fear of losing it?† (Augustine 264-267). For example, when you go to a pet shop and see all the cute puppies. You want to hold them and pet them, and it makes you so happy for that brief period. However, you know that the happiness can be taken away from you, because you don’t own the puppies, you don’t get to take them home. Ultimately, you walk away sad, and wishing you could hold on to that happiness just a little longer. It is hard to be confident in a happiness that you know can be taken away from you at any time, and it’s equally as hard to have no confidence in your happiness because you live in fear of never being happy. Augustine continues his discussion of what makes a man. The question lies in the discussion between man being of the body only, of the soul only, or both. He talks about this to determine where man’s chief good resides, and from where it is discovered. â€Å"Man’s chief good is not the chief good of the body only, but the chief good of the soul† (Augustine 264-267). Augustine states that a person’s chief good is found in the soul and that the soul gives life to the body. The soul provides bodily pleasure, pain, strength, beauty, swiftness, etc. Without the soul, there would be no body, and without the body, no soul. They work together in order to achieve the chief good for man. Augustine gives the example of a coachman who works for him. The coachman does the most satisfactory job of caring for the horses, all because Augustine has provided the funds and bounty to the coachman. Can any one deny that the good condition of the horses is due to Augustine? (Augustine 264-267). His point is that without his money and horses, the coachman would never be able to do the job he was assigned, and because of Augustine in this example, the coachman can provide the happiness and care to the horses. This relates to the body being a direct worker of the soul. The body is the outward laborer of the soul’s control. Augustine’s article is summed up in the discussion of virtue. â€Å"Virtue gives perfection to the soul; the soul obtains virtue by following God; following God is the happy life† (Augustine 264-267). Augustine debates whether or not virtue exists on its own, or if it can only exist within the soul. He says virtue must exist on its own because the soul must have something to follow after in order to attain that virtue. Virtue must be gained; it is not already contained within the soul. This virtue, according to Augustine, belongs in the pursuit of God. As mentioned before, Augustine believes that one’s chief good cannot be taken away against one’s will. Therefore, it must remain that God is the virtue one seeks. Through following God, one’s chief good, happiness, and virtue can be both loved and possessed (Augustine 264-267). After reading and re-reading this article, I feel I have finally found the true meaning of what Saint Augustine was saying. Happiness cannot just be attained by the snap of a finger, by a simple glimpse of hope. Happiness must be sought after in a way that completely fills the soul and in a way that one can feel they are completely confident in their happiness. I agree with Augustine’s argument for the pursuit of God in finding happiness. I believe that God is the creator of happiness and virtue, and that through him anyone can find their chief good. My question to the class is this: do you agree with Augustine’s argument of happiness only coming from within the soul and God, or do you believe happiness can be obtained to its fullest potential in a different way? Work Cited Augustine, Saint. â€Å"Virtue and the Human Soul.† Vice and Virtue In Everyday Life. Comp. Christina Hoff Sommers and Fred Sommers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Human brain Essay

Blood is the elixir of life. Without blood, the human body would not be able to perform several of its normal functions. In fact, blood can be said to perform functions that are relevant to the cells, the heart, the brain and the organs. It acts not only as a medium for transporting nutrients but also as a medium for taking out the trash so to speak. Containing necessary minerals, glucose, iron and oxygen, the blood is essential for the survival of the body cells, as well as the organs. If the blood was not able to carry these nutrients, the body would go into shock and not be able to function. Therefore, it can be said that the first function of blood is as a carrier of essential nutrients and oxygen to the different parts of the body. Another function of the blood is as a cleaning agent. Since the cells cannot dispose of the useless substances, wastes and toxins on their own, the blood is necessary. It carries these wastes and toxins to the kidney and the liver in order to filter the blood and dispose of these harmful toxins. If the blood is not present, there would be an unhealthy build up of these substances that would cause the body to cease carrying out its functions and result in death. Finally, the blood is important in that it carries white blood cells and encourages the healing process. It also encourages the healing process by distributing the white blood cells all over the body to raise its resistance. Also, white blood cells have anti bodies that prevent other viruses and diseases from taking over the body. As a whole, blood is extremely important if not crucial to the continued operation of the human body and its functions. The blood acts as a transmitter of the essential nutrients, as a waster disposal unit for all the unwanted wastes and toxins and finally, as a healing solution to ensure that the body is protected and functions well at all times. This is on top of the fact that it carries oxygen to all the other parts of the body, most especially the human brain.

In Focus: Hymoptera

Spiders are perhaps the most popular insects at present, due to the worldwide release of the movie, Spiderman. Most of us have been dreaming of being bitten by an insect and using its capabilities to be of help to society – as super heroes! When I was a child, bees and wasps running around the garden terrified me.Carrying on, fear for these insects sparked interest in me to study them, specifically about how these insects complete the balance of nature. This large group of inects belong to Hymenopetra, consisting of sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.As such, the group was given the name referring to the membranous wings of the majority of the insects making up the population. The major role played by this group is that of being pollinators for flowering plants; thus, plants would not be able to reproduce without the help of this insects. All organisms have their own way of protecting themselves. Insects accord such self-protection by its horny or leathery cuticle for defense. Mo reover, the dermal glands of various insects are capable of producing chemical substances that can cause itching to other organisms, birds in particular.For many hymenopterans, the poisons produced are from the plants they feed on. In female hymenopterans, their reproductive system has been modified; being capable of producing toxic proteins. Once injected onto its prey this causes paralysis to the nervous system. Stings are also used by hymenopterans for protecting themselves like that of wasps, bees and ants. These insects are also capable of blending to their environment, making it hard for their enemies to find them. The cells have its moving pigment granules, hence allowing the coloration to occur (Agren and Hallberg, 1996; 443)The chemical communication among Hymenopterans is important in predicting their behavior. Among Hymenopterans who are of the social kind, there are several glands producing volatile secretion. The antennae are the most important body structure in perceiv ing signals. Also their body structures can be used to map out the population, insects having the same antenna structure would belong to the same group, performing a particular function (Felicioli, Romani and Bin, 1998; 140). The chemical defenses and poisons produced do not only serve as protection but as a warning as well. Most hymenopterans are of the social kind.The Dufour gland of Pulvergus rufuscens has been proven to vary as well, depending on the position that the insect has in its society. Queens have a hypertrophied gland with extended lumen and a thin epithelium indicating that it is not active in secretion, while the workers have thicker linings for secretory purposes. Hence, these insects have their status in their own society, doing its particular function as a member of its group (Grasso, et. al, 2004; 152). Hymenopterans particularly the ones belonging to superfamily Proctotrupidea are very small but are considered pests for rice, sugar, jute and cotton.The variety o f these hymenopterans are vast, thus the roles they have in nature are also different. There are some species belonging to the same group, acting as pollinators, serving the plants and man while there are those particularly the Proctotrupoidea, who are pests for man (Bin and Vinson, 1986; 132). Pesticides and other chemicals have been used for toxifying these insects. Hymenopterans, particularly the bees are capable of producing substances that are toxic for humans. The honey they obtained from the nectars of different flowers can be toxic and psychoactive for humans.Honey produced from the nectar of Azalea pontica has alkaloids which are very poisonous for humans but not for bees. The Roman soldiers who ate honey during the time of Pompey the Great became delirious and vomited the honey, causing their easy defeat. Moreover, honey from Andromeda flowers has grayanotoxins which can paralyze the limbs and diaphragm, resulting to death (Mclaren and Rotundo, 1985; 74). The chemical subs tances produced from the body of these insects are for self-protection. If stung by its antenna, one undergoes the process of natural body healing.Antidotes and medicines are not precscribed. The chemical produced by Ichneumon eumerus wasp and Maculinea rebeli butterfly in western Europe has resulted in Myrmica schencki ants being used as pawns. The ants are deceived as its accepts the caterpillar into their colony while the wasp uses its own substances to make the caterpillar as ant’s prey. If these chemicals can be synthesized, it can take the place of toxin used as ant traps (Grasso et. al, 2004; 152). Therapeutic gains from the chemical substances derived from these organisms are yet to be proven.Still, their role as pollinators for flowering plants is the major role they play in maintaining the balance of nature. As for the energy relations of these organisms to humans and the environment, biomass energy from plants is being used by this group to permit pollination. Furt her, the energy given off by these insects to plants is used by man as the latter eats the plant. In addition, as these organisms decay, it gives back the energy to the soil which will be of further use for man (Mclaren and Rotundo, 1985; 75). Though insects are one the major populations existing, the claims of man evolving from these creatures seem not plausible.The genetic traces used by some scientists and researches must be further studied. The chemical processes and the internal features of this group must be further examined to give precise results suggesting its importance to man and the environment. References Agren L. , Hallberg E. (1996) Flagellar sensilla of bumble bee males (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus), Apidologie 27, 433–444. Bin F. , Vinson S. B. (1986) Morphology of the antennal sex-gland in male Trissolcus basalis (Woll. ) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of the green stink bug, Nezara viridula(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Int. J. Insect Morphol. 15 , 129–138. Felicioli A. , Isidoro N. , Romani R. , Bin F. (1998) Ethological and morphological analysis of behavior in Osmia cornuta Latr. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), Insect Soc. Life 2, 137–144. Grasso, D. , Mori,A. , Le Moli, F. , and Johan Billen. (2004). Morpho-functional comparison of the Dufour gland in the female castes of the Amazon ant Polyergus rufescens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) . Zoomorphology. 124. (3). 149-153. McLaren, J. , and Rotundo, L. (1985). Biology. D. C. Heath and Company. Lexington, Massachusettes. 67-75.

Health of the UK Automobile Industry Research Paper

Health of the UK Automobile Industry - Research Paper Example The automobile industry contributes 0.73% of the entire UK GDP but over the last decade, the industry has not been witnessing as much growth as the other sectors (Jones 1983; NAIGT 2008). The survey by the New Automotive Innovative and Growth Team (NAIGT) suggested a few success factors. (NAIGT, 2008) The survey revealed that one of the success factors of the industry was the low level of unionization and the flexible working hours that were allowed in the automobile industry that reduced labor costs. In addition, it was discovered that although the UK government does not necessarily provide more subsidies than do governments in Western Europe, they do however provide a sufficient number of them and most of the subsidies are direct i.e. in the form of grants which helps the industry to function better in the region. Furthermore, the report said that the quality of the R&D resources in the UK was very high and that in relation to Western Europe and the BRIC countries the UK offered better after sales service. In comparison to the rest of the countries in the EU, the UK government has a system of lower taxation as well as R&D tax benefits in terms of tax rate relaxation. To this end, the scope for investing in the UK Automobile Industry increases especially since England offers a more hassle-free way of exiting the industry, given lower barriers to closing down. The NGAIT team collected a variety of information about what industry professionals thought was the drawbacks faced by the companies in the sector. Firstly, they all agreed that there was a shortage of skilled labor specific to the industry. Mostly, companies suffered from lack of skilled mid-level management and engineers. It came to be understood that most of the university an college going students do not opt for engineering and those of them who do predominantly take jobs in the financial rather than the manufacturing sector. Trends over the last decade show that although, as mentioned in the success factors, the quality of the R&D resources in the UK is very high, contrariwise, the expenditure on R&D has declined. In the UK, Ford, Jaguar, and Land Rover together spend about $1 billion annually on R&D, which accounts for 80% of the industry investment.

An Analysis of Japan and China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Analysis of Japan and China - Assignment Example China is the world’s second largest market for consumer goods after the US (Martinsons, 2002). On average, consumers spent an annual average of US$61 on FMCG online an increase of 9.8% from 2010. In 2011, on average, shoppers for FMCG products made three trips while shopping online against 97 offline shopping trips over the same period. The average online transaction amount per trip was US$21, 80% greater than an offline transaction that averaged US$11.50. Attitudes related to e commerce showed that 29.9% of people doing online shopping are comfortable while 17.9% felt it is safe to purchase online. This indicates that there is large potential in China’s e-commerce markets (Ke, 2010). Japan has been innovative in technology with shopping lists growing significantly due to lower costs of setting up businesses online. Japanese consumers who previously were reluctant to do online shopping have grown the online retailing business to a multi-billion dollar market (Fitzsimmon s &Okada, 2002). According to Hamburg market research, the Japans B2C e commerce revenues are forecasted to grog annually by a low double digit percentage between 2012 and 2016 due to high average spending and growth in online shoppers (Herbig & Milam, 1994). Environmental analysis China’s environment has suffered degradation as the country reform its economy because of urbanization and industrial development. The environmental damage costs up to 8% of China’s GDP thus the development of China’s environment protection industry to respond to the environment degrading over the past two decades (Takao, 2012). China focuses its investment to environmentally friendly projects a shift form infrastructure. Energy... This essay stresses that Japan’s legal structures to foreign investors are bureaucratic and present legal hurdles. The main business structures that foreign companies open in Japan are representative office, branch office, and subsidiary company and limited liability partnerships. Representative offices are not allowed to engage in sales activities. Branch offices do not have independent decision-making abilities since they do not have legal corporate statuses. However, foreign investors can invest in Japan through joint ventures with Japanese companies. Corporate enterprise tax is the local tax levied on foreign companies conducting business in Japan. Corporate taxes levied on taxable income. This paper makes a conclusion that the researcher recommends interested Australian companies wishing to go international to invest in China. China is the world most populated nation with over 1.3 billion people compared to Japan, which has a population of approximately 128 million people. As such, China presents more chances of cheap labor and a ready market for the produced products and services. Growth in ecommerce is high in China than in Japan presenting an opportunity for investment. Both Japan and China have stringent environmental regulations. However, Japan being the most affected in emissions is more likely to pass stringent rules regarding pollution than China. China is well adapted for globalization by enacting laws that are in line with WTO guidelines. This puts it in a better position to attract foreign investment than Japan.

Individual Differences in Human Sexuality Research Paper

Individual Differences in Human Sexuality - Research Paper Example Human sexuality is a product of a whole range of factors that vary from one individual to another, some of which are changeable e.g. environment, food and nutrition, and physical activity whereas others are not e.g. genes and nature of an individual. Similarly, outlining normal sexual behaviors is complicated because different sexual behaviors have their own cultural, religious, or sociological reinforcers; â€Å"Defining normality is extremely difficult (and arbitrary), because the definition involves making a value judgment and therefore labelling how we view other people† (de Silva, 1999). For example, while homosexuality is considered a positive and normal variation of human sexual orientation in light of social and behavioral sciences (American Psychological Association, 2015), it is condemned by Abrahamic religions that consider it a negative and abnormal variation of human sexual orientation. Sociologists generally emphasize either experiential or physiological determinants in their attempt to explain individual differences in the expression of human sexuality (Hogben and Byrne, 1998). Although it has been reported that individual differences in sexual behavior can be because of hereditary differences, not much is known about human sexuality’s specific molecular genetic design. Dopamine in general and the DRD4 receptor in particular plays a very important role in determining sexual behavior. One pathway to mediate individual variation in the desirability, function, and arousal for sex in humans is related to allelic variants coding for variation in protein concentrations in key areas of brain and DRD4 receptor gene expression (Zion et al., 2006). Aspects of human sexuality common to a vast majority of people include but are not limited to masturbation, genital development and maturity with the onset of puberty, desirability of sex with members of the opposite gender, emotional connection with the sexual partner, maximum

Business Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Analysis - Case Study Example The Company drew popularity in the 1940s as a cleaning company that offered its services to the defense forces of nations especially those involved in war. The Tennant brand is strong and so is its positioning within the market. They currently hold approximately fifteen percent of the global market share, with sales growing faster than many of their competitors. Tennant’s focus was rare as they chose to deliver a sustainable value to their customers without compromising on price or performance. This strength is not imitable with new companies as it something that is built over time although many existing companies have built the same brand strength with their products. This strength has proved to be a sustainable competitive advantage for Tennant. They have exploited this strength and achieved organization. Key Issues 1) Tennant needs a strategic plan that will assure them future growth in the wake of competition and uncertainty in the market. 2) The market diversification pla ns at Tennant are intense. Tennant should focus on making their current product lines stronger. 3) Tennant is constantly facing new competition, much of which is offering discounted products making it difficult for Tennant and other companies in the industry to compete. Criteria and Evaluation of Alternatives by Criteria SWOT Analysis Strengths Tennant has strength in their discovery and early adoption of new technologies. It has allowed them to build relationships with various suppliers and service providers and has helped further build their brand name and recognition within the industry. This strength will be critical if Tennant chooses to venture in to new market segments or further expand their product line as they will always be a step ahead of their competition. This strength has proved to be a key competitive advantage for Tennant. They have exploited this strength and achieved organization. Weaknesses This industry is mostly affected by the growing consumer demands that sur pass production capability of any company. Due to this identified demand, the industry has experienced substantial growth, emanating from the expansion of market by competitors. Opportunities also arise as a result of growth. This is reflected by the current state of intense competition in the industry. Political factors fuel this demand especially due to policies regulating health standards and application of such efforts to ensure cleanliness. Opportunities The primary identified opportunity of the industry is that of providing chemical-free cleaning product alternatives as supplements to their already established product lin

Should liberalist states promote their policies abroad Is force a Essay

Should liberalist states promote their policies abroad Is force a legitimate instrument in securing these goals - Essay Example The questions asked are; is liberalism really a bad ideology that it has to be forced on other nations and how can the citizens of various nations benefit from liberalism? This paper supports the notion that liberalist states should promote their policies abroad but force should not be used as a legitimate instrument in securing these goals. Policy making was largely influenced by liberalists in the twentieth century. The liberalists influenced Public opinion and their liberal views were embraced as they gave the people hope for having free elections, religious freedom, free press, free markets, associational pluralism, free movement and many other associated benefits. However, with the First World War, liberal views subsided but after the Second World War, there was revival of liberal views marked by the establishment of United Nations. The cold war power politics extinguished liberalism again but in the 1990s; there was a beacon of hope as the Western countries announced the establ ishment of a new world order (Dunne 1). The leaders who came up with the new world order gave their justifications why the world should embrace liberalism over other ideologies but after the World Trade Centre was destroyed by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, America seemed to abandon liberalism and embraced realism. The United States of America and its counterparts have attempted to solidify power around them and decided to seek vengeance among their perceived enemies and the nations that sympathize with them. The paper expounds on the matter, showing liberalism to be founded on temperateness, compromise, moderation, and peace while realists strive to introduce a common power in order to achieve progress, justice and law (Dunne 2). For a long period, liberalism has been utilized to depict abroad range of practices, ideas, movements, and parties in various societies. It was mainly used to oppose the systems of governance that were oppressive and denied the citizens some pri vileges. Liberalism was used as a force of liberation for the people to obtain free initiatives from existing governments. When used as a political philosophy, liberalism can either refer to individual rights shared by liberals or basic principles of constitutional authorities. Classical liberals advocated for liberty, the segmentation of political powers, economic freedom, rights to own property, freedom of speech and thoughts, independent civil societies and religious liberty. Egalitarian aspects have influenced modern democratic liberalism in addition to the other aspects that classical liberalists advocated for, thus social equality serving as the foundation of modern-day liberal politics (Starr 34). Liberalism can be defined in four dimensions, which look into its different aspects. Firstly, when relating to the law, all the citizens are equal, meaning that they are equally bound by the law and bear basic rights to religious toleration, education, and free press among other rig hts. Secondly, the legislative body of a nation can only exercise authority vested in it by the citizens and is not permitted to abuse their rights. Thirdly, an individual has the right to property ownership and productive forces. Fourthly, liberalism identifies the free, market driven economic exchange system as the most effective and disparages market systems that are controlled and regulated bureaucratically. When one considers these four